James M. Mangum - Revision history

1857admin: /* Move to Kanab in Kane County */

2014-03-27T00:13:12Z

Move to Kanab in Kane County

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	A fort had been established at Kanab in the early 1860s but it had been abandoned during the Black Hawk War (1865-68). By 1869 the Black Hawk War had been settled, but the Mormon-Navajo War was still raging, with Navajo raiders crossing the Colorado River to appropriate Mormon livestock in southern Utah. Kanab was the closest settlement to where the Navajos made the river crossing on the Colorado River to enter Mormon lands. Because of Kanab's relatively close proximity to the river crossings on the Colorado River, Jacob Hamblin had his own reasons for liking the location: his expeditions to the Hopi would be much easier to mount from Kanab.		A fort had been established at Kanab in the early 1860s but it had been abandoned during the Black Hawk War (1865-68). By 1869 the Black Hawk War had been settled, but the Mormon-Navajo War was still raging, with Navajo raiders crossing the Colorado River to appropriate Mormon livestock in southern Utah. Kanab was the closest settlement to where the Navajos made the river crossing on the Colorado River to enter Mormon lands. Because of Kanab's relatively close proximity to the river crossings on the Colorado River, Jacob Hamblin had his own reasons for liking the location: his expeditions to the Hopi would be much easier to mount from Kanab.

	In mid-1869, Mormon leader Brigham Young instructed Hamblin to establish a "Kanab Mission," beginning with an Indian farm at Pipe Springs. This would serve as an early warning outpost to protect other southern Utah settlements. Immediately, Hamblin set out to establish an Indian ~~farms~~ at Pipe Springs. [[John Mangum\|John Mangum]], James' brother, accompanied Hamblin to Pipe Springs and planted the first crops of turnips and corn. John was also in the work detail sent from St. George to rebuild the old Kanab fort. After completing the work, he returned to Washington. However, John liked what he saw at Kanab. He convinced his wife, his brother James and their families to relocate to Kanab. In 1870, James and his older brother [[John Mangum\|John]] and their respective families were living in the fort at Kanab. One early settler recalls that the early fort had two rooms on the west and two on the north. [[John Mangum\|John]] and James Mangum and others occupied the rooms on the west, while [[George Washington Adair\|George Adair]], Jacob Hamblin and others were living in tents against the east wall.		In mid-1869, Mormon leader Brigham Young instructed Hamblin to establish a "Kanab Mission," beginning with an Indian farm at Pipe Springs. This would serve as an early warning outpost to protect other southern Utah settlements. Immediately, Hamblin set out to establish an Indian farm at Pipe Springs. [[John Mangum\|John Mangum]], James' brother, accompanied Hamblin to Pipe Springs and planted the first crops of turnips and corn. John was also in the work detail sent from St. George to rebuild the old Kanab fort. After completing the work, he returned to Washington. However, John liked what he saw at Kanab. He convinced his wife, his brother James and their families to relocate to Kanab. In 1870, James and his older brother [[John Mangum\|John]] and their respective families were living in the fort at Kanab. One early settler recalls that the early fort had two rooms on the west and two on the north. [[John Mangum\|John]] and James Mangum and others occupied the rooms on the west, while [[George Washington Adair\|George Adair]], Jacob Hamblin and others were living in tents against the east wall.

	Hamblin immediately began using Kanab as the staging area for his expeditions across the Colorado to Hopiland. That fall, he mounted his eighth crossing of the Colorado to visit the Hopi. [[John Mangum\|John Mangum]] remained at Kanab. Presumably his brother James and their respective families were there. After his return, Hamblin, [[John Mangum\|John Mangum]] and others were assigned to guard the frontiers against Navajo raiders. They crossed the Kaibab Plateau several times and suffered many privations. It is not know whether James joined in this guard duty.		Hamblin immediately began using Kanab as the staging area for his expeditions across the Colorado to Hopiland. That fall, he mounted his eighth crossing of the Colorado to visit the Hopi. [[John Mangum\|John Mangum]] remained at Kanab. Presumably his brother James and their respective families were there. After his return, Hamblin, [[John Mangum\|John Mangum]] and others were assigned to guard the frontiers against Navajo raiders. They crossed the Kaibab Plateau several times and suffered many privations. It is not know whether James joined in this guard duty.

1857admin: /* Final Move to the Mormon Settlements in Arizona */

2013-12-18T01:39:48Z

Final Move to the Mormon Settlements in Arizona

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	The usual hardships of pioneering in southern Utah -- building dams, constructing irrigation ditches, planting, harvesting, heat, drought, crop failure, and dam washouts -- all existed in the Mormon settlements on the Little Colorado of Arizona, plus several additional hardships: the notorious Hashknife outfit of the Aztec Land & Cattle Company, marauding Apache Indians, the Pleasant Valley War, and the uncertainty of Mormon land titles and claims.		The usual hardships of pioneering in southern Utah -- building dams, constructing irrigation ditches, planting, harvesting, heat, drought, crop failure, and dam washouts -- all existed in the Mormon settlements on the Little Colorado of Arizona, plus several additional hardships: the notorious Hashknife outfit of the Aztec Land & Cattle Company, marauding Apache Indians, the Pleasant Valley War, and the uncertainty of Mormon land titles and claims.

	Mangum remained in Apache County where he died in 1888. He was survived by his second and third wives and ~~numerous~~ children.		Mangum remained in Apache County where he died in 1888. His obituary noted that he had been an invalid for several years. He was survived by his second and third wives and ten of his seventeen children.

	<br>		<br>

1857admin: /* Early Life in the American South */

2013-12-18T01:36:27Z

Early Life in the American South

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	James Mitchell Mangum was born in St. Clair County, Alabama. His earliest American forebears were from Boydton, Mecklenburg County in south-central Virginia, close to the border with North Carolina. His parents moved from Mecklenburg County to Warren County in southwest Ohio before moving south to St. Clair County, Alabama where Mangum was born.		James Mitchell Mangum was born in St. Clair County, Alabama. His earliest American forebears were from Boydton, Mecklenburg County in south-central Virginia, close to the border with North Carolina. His parents moved from Mecklenburg County to Warren County in southwest Ohio before moving south to St. Clair County, Alabama where Mangum was born.

	~~Around~~ 1844, Mangum married Eliza Jane Clark (1827-1862), a native of Green County, Alabama. Mangum and his wife as well as his mother and many of his siblings joined the Mormons.		In either 1842 or 1844, Mangum married Eliza Jane Clark (1827-1862), a native of Green County, Alabama. Mangum and his wife as well as his mother and many of his siblings joined the Mormons.

	=== Migration to Utah ===		=== Migration to Utah ===

1857admin: /* Final Move to the Mormon Settlements in Arizona */

2013-12-18T01:34:53Z

Final Move to the Mormon Settlements in Arizona

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	[[Image:Mormon Settlements in Arizona.jpg\|right\|400px\|Mormon Settlements in Arizona.jpg]]		[[Image:Mormon Settlements in Arizona.jpg\|right\|400px\|Mormon Settlements in Arizona.jpg]]

	Later, Mangum and his family moved to Arizona, joining the stream of Mormon colonizers who pioneered a series of new settlements beginning on the lower Little Colorado River. Gradually they moved upriver in search of more hospitable surroundings. By the 1880s Mangum, his brother [[John Mangum\|John]], and his brother-in-law, George W. Adair, were in Nutrioso in the pine forests on the flank of the White Mountains in southern Apache County. Mangum's wife Rebecca had a handloom that she used to weave rugs and carpets.		Later, Mangum and his family moved to Arizona, joining the stream of Mormon colonizers who pioneered a series of new settlements beginning on the lower Little Colorado River. Gradually they moved upriver in search of more hospitable surroundings. By the 1880s Mangum, his brother [[John Mangum\|John]], and his brother-in-law, George W. Adair, were in Nutrioso in the pine forests on the flank of the White Mountains in southern Apache County. In the early to mid-1880s, Apache unrest caused considerable insecurity in the mountain towns of Nutrioso and Alpine. Mangum's wife Rebecca had a handloom that she used to weave rugs and carpets.

	The usual hardships of pioneering in southern Utah -- building dams, constructing irrigation ditches, planting, harvesting, heat, drought, crop failure, and dam washouts -- all existed in the Mormon settlements on the Little Colorado of Arizona, plus several additional hardships: the notorious Hashknife outfit of the Aztec Land & Cattle Company, marauding Apache Indians, the Pleasant Valley War, and the uncertainty of Mormon land titles and claims.		The usual hardships of pioneering in southern Utah -- building dams, constructing irrigation ditches, planting, harvesting, heat, drought, crop failure, and dam washouts -- all existed in the Mormon settlements on the Little Colorado of Arizona, plus several additional hardships: the notorious Hashknife outfit of the Aztec Land & Cattle Company, marauding Apache Indians, the Pleasant Valley War, and the uncertainty of Mormon land titles and claims.

1857admin: /* Final Move to the Mormon Settlements in Arizona */

2013-12-18T01:12:38Z

Final Move to the Mormon Settlements in Arizona

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	[[Image:Mormon Settlements in Arizona.jpg\|right\|400px\|Mormon Settlements in Arizona.jpg]]		[[Image:Mormon Settlements in Arizona.jpg\|right\|400px\|Mormon Settlements in Arizona.jpg]]

	Later, Mangum and his family moved to Arizona, joining the stream of Mormon colonizers who pioneered a series of new settlements beginning on the lower Little Colorado River. Gradually they moved upriver in search of more hospitable surroundings. By the 1880s Mangum, his brother [[John Mangum\|John]], and his brother-in-law, George W. Adair, were in Nutrioso in the pine forests on the flank of the White Mountains in southern Apache County. Mangum's wife Rebecca had a handloom that she used to weave ~~carpet~~ and ~~other articles~~.		Later, Mangum and his family moved to Arizona, joining the stream of Mormon colonizers who pioneered a series of new settlements beginning on the lower Little Colorado River. Gradually they moved upriver in search of more hospitable surroundings. By the 1880s Mangum, his brother [[John Mangum\|John]], and his brother-in-law, George W. Adair, were in Nutrioso in the pine forests on the flank of the White Mountains in southern Apache County. Mangum's wife Rebecca had a handloom that she used to weave rugs and carpets.

	The usual hardships of pioneering in southern Utah -- building dams, constructing irrigation ditches, planting, harvesting, heat, drought, crop failure, and dam washouts -- all existed in the Mormon settlements on the Little Colorado of Arizona, plus several additional hardships: the notorious Hashknife outfit of the Aztec Land & Cattle Company, marauding Apache Indians, the Pleasant Valley War, and the uncertainty of Mormon land titles and claims.		The usual hardships of pioneering in southern Utah -- building dams, constructing irrigation ditches, planting, harvesting, heat, drought, crop failure, and dam washouts -- all existed in the Mormon settlements on the Little Colorado of Arizona, plus several additional hardships: the notorious Hashknife outfit of the Aztec Land & Cattle Company, marauding Apache Indians, the Pleasant Valley War, and the uncertainty of Mormon land titles and claims.

1857admin: /* References */

2013-12-18T01:11:46Z

References

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	= References =		= References =

	Compton, ''A Frontier Life,'' 280-83, 286; Esshom, ''Pioneer and Prominent Men of Utah,'' 1-21; Fish, ''Mormon Migrations,'' 487; Lee Trial transcripts; New.FamilySearch.org; Robinson, ed., ''History of Kane County,'' 223; Walker, et al, ''Massacre at Mountain Meadows,'' 170-71, Appendix C, 260; Woodbury, "A History of Southern Utah and Its National Parks," ''Utah Historical Quarterly,'' 12/3-4 (Jul.-Oct. 1944), 179.		Compton, ''A Frontier Life,'' 280-83, 286; Esshom, ''Pioneer and Prominent Men of Utah,'' 1-21; Fish, ''Mormon Migrations,'' 487; Kelly and Lee, ''Nutrioso and Her Neighbors,'' 37-39, 51-52; Lee Trial transcripts; New.FamilySearch.org; Robinson, ed., ''History of Kane County,'' 223; Walker, et al, ''Massacre at Mountain Meadows,'' 170-71, Appendix C, 260; Woodbury, "A History of Southern Utah and Its National Parks," ''Utah Historical Quarterly,'' 12/3-4 (Jul.-Oct. 1944), 179.

	For full bibliographic information see [[Bibliography]].		For full bibliographic information see [[Bibliography]].

1857admin: /* Final Move to the Mormon Settlements in Arizona */

2013-12-18T01:09:46Z

Final Move to the Mormon Settlements in Arizona

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	[[Image:Mormon Settlements in Arizona.jpg\|right\|400px\|Mormon Settlements in Arizona.jpg]]		[[Image:Mormon Settlements in Arizona.jpg\|right\|400px\|Mormon Settlements in Arizona.jpg]]

	Later, Mangum and his family moved to Arizona, joining the stream of Mormon colonizers who pioneered a series of new settlements beginning on the lower Colorado River. Gradually they moved upriver in search of more hospitable surroundings. By the 1880s Mangum, his brother [[John Mangum\|John]], and his brother-in-law, George W. Adair, were in Nutrioso in the pine forests on the flank of the White Mountains in southern Apache County.		Later, Mangum and his family moved to Arizona, joining the stream of Mormon colonizers who pioneered a series of new settlements beginning on the lower Little Colorado River. Gradually they moved upriver in search of more hospitable surroundings. By the 1880s Mangum, his brother [[John Mangum\|John]], and his brother-in-law, George W. Adair, were in Nutrioso in the pine forests on the flank of the White Mountains in southern Apache County. Mangum's wife Rebecca had a handloom that she used to weave carpet and other articles.

	The usual hardships of pioneering in southern Utah -- building dams, constructing irrigation ditches, planting, harvesting, heat, drought, crop failure, and dam washouts -- all existed in the Mormon settlements on the Little Colorado of Arizona, plus several additional hardships: the notorious Hashknife outfit of the Aztec Land & Cattle Company, marauding Apache Indians, the Pleasant Valley War, and the uncertainty of Mormon land titles and claims.		The usual hardships of pioneering in southern Utah -- building dams, constructing irrigation ditches, planting, harvesting, heat, drought, crop failure, and dam washouts -- all existed in the Mormon settlements on the Little Colorado of Arizona, plus several additional hardships: the notorious Hashknife outfit of the Aztec Land & Cattle Company, marauding Apache Indians, the Pleasant Valley War, and the uncertainty of Mormon land titles and claims.

1857admin: /* Marriage and Family Life */

2013-12-18T01:06:21Z

Marriage and Family Life

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	=== Marriage and Family Life ===		=== Marriage and Family Life ===

	In 1859, he married his niece, Rebecca Frances Mangum (1843-1928), a Mississippi native and the daughter of his brother John Mangum. In 1861, he married Mary Ann Smith (1844-1912), who was born in Hancock County, Illinois but whose forebears were from Tennessee and Georgia. They remained in Washington through the 1860s.		In 1859, he married his niece, Rebecca Frances Mangum (1843-1928), a Mississippi native and the daughter of his brother John Mangum. His wife Eliza, having borne six children, died in either 1859 or 1862. In 1861, Mangum married Mary Ann Smith (1844-1912), who was born in Hancock County, Illinois but whose forebears were from Tennessee and Georgia. They remained in Washington through the 1860s.

	=== Move to Kanab in Kane County ===		=== Move to Kanab in Kane County ===

1857admin: /* Marriage and Family Life */

2013-12-18T00:49:05Z

Marriage and Family Life

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	=== Marriage and Family Life ===		=== Marriage and Family Life ===

	In 1859, he married Rebecca Frances Mangum (1843-1928), a Mississippi native (and ~~possibly his niece, a~~ daughter of his brother John Mangum ~~III)~~. In 1861, he married Mary Ann Smith (1844-1912), who was born in Hancock County, Illinois but whose forebears were from Tennessee and Georgia. They remained in Washington through the 1860s.		In 1859, he married his niece, Rebecca Frances Mangum (1843-1928), a Mississippi native and the daughter of his brother John Mangum. In 1861, he married Mary Ann Smith (1844-1912), who was born in Hancock County, Illinois but whose forebears were from Tennessee and Georgia. They remained in Washington through the 1860s.

	=== Move to Kanab in Kane County ===		=== Move to Kanab in Kane County ===

1857admin: /* Migration to Utah */

2013-12-18T00:38:35Z

Migration to Utah

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	=== Migration to Utah ===		=== Migration to Utah ===

			Mitchell, his wife, and some members of the Adair family joined the Charles C. Rich Company. There 126 individuals in the company when it began its journey from the outfitting post on the Elkhorn River about 27 miles west of Winter Quarters, Nebraska Territory. At time of departure, Mangum was 27, and his wife, Eliza Jane Clark Mangum, 19.

			[[Image:Mormon Trail.jpg\|thumb\|center\|700px\|<center>'''The Mormon Trail'''</center>]]

			Brigham Young's Pioneer Company had set out in spring 1847 for the Rocky Mountains. Following it was the Big Company which consisted five companies. Besides the Rich Compnay, there were companies led by Abraham Smoot, Edward Hunter, Daniel Spencer, and Jedediah Grant. Contemporary diarists recorded that they passed Sioux and Cheyenne Indians as well as large herds of buffalo. They passed the usual milestones on the trail: Fort Kearney, the South Fork of the Platte River, Chimney Rock, Fort Laramie, the Sweetwater River, Independence Rock, Devil's Gate, Green River, Fort Bridger, Bear River, and Weber River. While on the Sweetwater River, they encountered Brigham Young's party which was returning to Winter Quarters in Nebraska Territory. Young advised that they had established a settlement in the basin of the Great Salt Lake. This news greatly cheered the company. After suffering the usual hardships of overland trail they arrived in the valley of the Great Salt Lake in early October 1847.

			=== From Great Salt Lake Valley to Utah Valley ===

	~~[[Image:Mormon Trail~~.~~jpg\|thumb\|center\|700px\|<center>'''~~The ~~Mormon Trail'''</center>]]~~		In the early years in Utah Territory, Mangum plied his trade as a millwright, operating saw and grist mills on Mill Creek in Great Salt Lake City. The first few years were extremely difficult for lack of provisions and inadequate harvests. Later the Mangums moved to Provo.

	In 1847, Mangum arrived in the valley of the Great Salt Lake. In the early years, he plied his trade as a millwright, operating saw and grist mills on Mill Creek in Great Salt Lake City and later at Provo and Payson. By the early 1850s, he and his family had settled in Payson ~~in central~~ Utah.		By the early 1850s, he and his family had settled in Payson, directly east of the southern tip of Utah Lake. A number of southerners had settled there including Adairs, Mangums, Pearces, and others.

	=== Joining the Southerners in Washington County and the Cotton Mission ===		=== Joining the Southerners in Washington County and the Cotton Mission ===