John Mangum

John Mangum, his personal and family background, and his involvement in the Mountain Meadows Massacre

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John Mangum

1817-1885

Biographical Sketch

Early Years: Westward From Alabama

John Mangum was born in Albemarle, Surry County, Virginia. His earliest American forebears were from Boydton, Mecklenburg County in south-central Virginia, close to the border with North Carolina. His parents moved from Mecklenburg County to Warren County in southwest Ohio before moving south to St. Clair County, Alabama where Mangum was born.

Around 1844, the Mangums had relocated to Mississippi where Mangum married Mary Ann Adair (1822-1892), a native of Pickens County, Alabama. She was part of the large Adair clan which had converted to Mormonism. Mangum and Mary Ann would eventually have twelve children and Mary Ann would serve as a nurse and midwife.

By the mid-1840s they had settled in Chickasaw County, Mississippi. In 1845, proselytizing Mormon missionaries converted them and they relocated to Nauvoo, Illinois where John and Mary Ann were baptized.

Departing Illinois and Crossing Iowa Territory

In 1845, intense conflict raged between Mormons and the original settlers of Hancock County. In 1846, the Mangums joined the Mormons departing western Illinois for Iowa Territory. They moved across the territory to settle in Pottawattamie County.

By 1851, they had moved forty miles north of Kanesville (Council Bluffs), Iowa to Lanesborough, a small settlement under the leadership of William W. Lane.

Migrating to Utah

In spring 1852, Lane organized a small company to travel the overland trail to Utah Territory. John Mangum, his wife, his mother and many of his siblings joined the William Lane Company to immigrate to Utah.

The Mormon Trail

In late June 1852, they crossed the Missouri River to start their overland journey. Almost immediately, an outbreak of cholera struck the company and soon they experienced several deaths. Cholera was endemic on the overland trail that travel season and among the dead were William Lane, the bishop and company captain, and his wife. This small company suffered another twelve deaths on the trail. One company member, young Davis Clark, left an exciting account of Indians driving off their livestock and their efforts to recover the stock, hunting for buffalo, being captured by the Arapahoe Indians, bartering whisky and brandy for his release, and increasing the night guard while crossing their hunting grounds. Presumably John Mangum was involved in some of these adventures. Without further undue trouble they arrived in the valley of the Great Salt Lake in September 1852.

Initially, they settled in Nephi, Juab County, where Mangum served as marshal. In 1853, Mangum entered polygamy by marrying Ellen Bardsley (1819-1864), an emigrant from Lancashire, England.

Joining the Southerners in Washington County and the Cotton Mission

The Cotton Mill in Washington County.

In spring 1857, many of the Mangums were part of a migration of southerners to Washington County. These southerners founded the Cotton Mission in what came to be known as Utah's Dixie. John Mangum and his brother James and their families were among the pioneers in Washington County and founders of the new settlement of Washington.

Washington appeared to have many advantages over other nearby locales. It was located near several fine springs and the Washington fields seemed to provide a lush expanse of farmland. However, appearances proved to be deceiving and soon "Dixie" was considered one of the most difficult areas to colonize. The broad fields were actually floodplains so if their dams washed out, as they did with discouraging frequency, their crops were jeopardized. Meanwhile the springs, so inviting in an arid, hot country, created marshes, the perfect habitat for mosquitos. Many of them suffered from bouts of malaria (the "fever and ague" or "chills") for many years.

The Mangums had familial connections with the large Adair clan who settled there. One of the community founders, Samuel Jefferson Adair, had married a Mangum, John Mangum had married Mary Ann Adair, and other Adairs and Mangums would later intermarry. The Mangum brothers would have a life-long association with their cousin, George Washington Adair, and others in the Adair clan.

Although it eventually proved commercially unsuccessful, the Cotton Mission did succeed in producing cotton goods for local use and export at an important stage in Utah Territory's economic development.

In the Iron Military District: Private John Mangum, Company I, John D. Lee's 4th Battalion, Washington

In 1857, the Iron Military District consisted of four battalions led by regimental commander Col. William H. Dame. The platoons and companies in the first battalion drew on men in and around Parowan. (It had no involvement at Mountain Meadows.) Major Isaac Haight commanded the 2nd Battalion whose personnel in its many platoons and two companies came from Cedar City and outer-lying communities to the north such as Fort Johnson. Major John Higbee headed the 3rd Battalion whose many platoons and two companies were drawn from Cedar City and outer-lying communities to the southwest such as Fort Hamilton. Major John D. Lee of Fort Harmony headed the 4th Battalion whose platoons and companies drew on its militia personnel from Fort Harmony, the Southerners at the newly-founded settlement in Washington, the Indian interpreters at Fort Clara, and the new settlers at Pinto.

In September 1857, John Mangum, 40, like his younger brother James Mangum, was a private in the fourth Washington platoon in Harrison Pearce’s Company I in John D. Lee’s 4th Battalion. See A Basic Account for a full description of the massacre.

Mangum and his brother James was among the southerners recruited from Washington, probably on Sunday, September 6. On Monday, they joined with the recruits from Fort Clara on the Santa Clara and traveled toward Mountain Meadows. Late that night, they met their battalion commander, John D. Lee, some miles south of the Meadows and camped for the night. They moved up to Mountain Meadows the next day, arriving around mid-day.

According to Lee, one evening in the middle of the week, the Indians became restive and again attacked the beseiged Arkansas company. Lee, with the help of John Mangum and William Young, tried to quiet the Indians. Lee credits Oscar Hamblin with aiding him in pacifying the Indians while further word was received from Isaac Haight in Cedar City.

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The next day, Lee conversed with John Mangum before he (Lee) set out to reconnoiter the position and defenses of the emigrant train from a prominence at the far (western) side of the valley.

John Mangum's role in the massacre on Friday, September 11, is unknown. He was listed in Judge John Cradlebaugh's 1859 arrest warrant and in Stenhouse's Rocky Mountain Saints, (which follows Judge Cradlebaugh's arrest warrant).

Two decades later, John D. Lee mentions the above episodes with John Mangum in Lee's autobiography, Mormonism Unveiled, which was published after his execution. Lee's counsel also mentioned John Mangum in his list of participants at the end of Lee's book.

In Massacre at Mountain Meadows, Walker, Turley and Leonard question whether John D. Lee confused John Mangum with his brother James, whose presence at the siege and massacre is confirmed by multiple sources.

Family Life

The Mangums remained in Washington County for many years where he worked as a farmer and rancher. According to Pioneers and Prominent Men of Utah, Mangum married Mary Ann Adair (1822-1892), the daughter of Thomas Jefferson Adair and Rebecca Brown Adair. He also married Mary Hamblin (~1853-1871), the adopted Indian daughter of Jacob Hamblin.

Move to Kane County

In the 1860s, Mangum was a founder of the settlements in Long Valley, Kane County. At the beginning of the Black Hawk War, Kanab and the other Long Valley settlements were abandoned and the Mangums and other families returned to Washington County.

Return to Kane County as Part of Jacob Hamblin's Kanab Mission

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Map of Kane County, Utah.

A fort had been established at Kanab in the early 1860s but it had been abandoned during the Black Hawk War (1865-68). By 1869 the Black Hawk War had been settled, but the Mormon-Navajo War was still raging, with Navajo raiders crossing the Colorado River to appropriate Mormon livestock in southern Utah. Kanab was the closest settlement to where the Navajos crossed the Colorado River to enter Mormon lands. Because of Kanab's relatively close proximity to the river crossings on the Colorado River, Jacob Hamblin had his own reasons for liking the location: His expeditions to the Hopi would be much easier to mount from Kanab than from Santa Clara.

In mid-1869, Mormon leader Brigham Young instructed Hamblin to establish a "Kanab Mission," beginning with an Indian farm at Pipe Springs. This would serve as an early warning outpost to protect other southern Utah settlements. Immediately, Hamblin set out to establish an Indian farms at Pipe Springs. John Mangum accompanied Hamblin to Pipe Springs and planted the first crops of turnips and corn. John was also in the work crew sent from St. George to rebuild the old Kanab fort. After completing the work, he returned to Washington. However, John liked what he saw at Kanab. He convinced his wife, his brother James and their families to relocate to Kanab.

Hamblin immediately began using Kanab as the staging area for his expeditions across the Colorado to Hopiland. That fall, he mounted his eighth crossing of the Colorado to visit the Hopi. John Mangum assisted in the preparations for the journey but he remained at Kanab. After his return, Hamblin, John Mangum and others were assigned to guard the frontiers against Navajo raiders in the winter of 1869-70. They crossed the Kaibab Plateau several times and suffered many privations.

In 1870, John and his younger brother James and their respective families were living in the fort at Kanab. One early settler recalls that the early fort had two rooms on the west and two on the north. John and James Mangum and others occupied the rooms on the west while George Adair, Jacob Hamblin and others were living in tents inside the east wall.

In January 1871, a outbreak of measles spread through Kanab resulting in two deaths among whom was a seventeen-year old Indian girl, Mary Hamblin, the adopted daughter of Jacob Hamblin and the wife of John Mangum. The other death was one of James Mangum's sons.

Sometime in the early 1870s, John Mangum and family were beginning to pioneer a new settlement, Pahreah, on the Paria River some miles east of Kanab.

With Jacob Hamblin on His Tenth Crossing of the Colorado River

In fall 1871, John Mangum was accompanying Jacob Hamblin on another of Hamblin's historic journeys across the Colorado River into northeastern Arizona. Also on this expedition were George Adair, Isaac Haight, and others. Traveling south from Kanab, they arrived at the Colorado River and moved upstream to the Crossing of the Fathers where they left a man with provisions for the 1871 Powell expedition. After crossing they continued southeast to Hopi land. After visiting the Hopi Mesas they continued to Ft. Defiance. Hamblin's peace negotiations the previous years had yielded an uneasy truce in the Mormon-Navajo War of 1868-70. The specific purpose of this journey was to gain indemnity from the federal Indian agent for the hard bargains the Navajos had insisted on in their recent trades with Mormons at Kanab. They did not receive any indemnities but they did further cement the uneasy peace. On the return trip several Navajos accompanied them. On the Colorado at the mouth of the Paria River they encountered the second Colorado River expedition of John Wesley Powell. After ferrying men and animals across, they spent the evening with the Powell party, dancing a “war dance” with the Navajos and singing Navajo “war songs” and Mormon hymns.

Providing Support to Powell Survey Team

Through this contact, John Mangum, George Adair, and Isaac Haight became acquainted with the Powell party and impressed them with their hardiness in that forbidding wilderness. Over time, they provided guide and freighting services and other logistical support to Powell's exploratory party. For instance, in November 1872, Jacob Hamblin instructed John Mangum and non-Mormon George Riley to resupply Frederick Dellenbaugh and the Powell survey team. They started from Kanab with supplies for the party but became lost on the Paria Plateau. Meanwhile, when it was noticed that the Mangum-Riley party were delayed, Hamblin then sent Isaac Haight and William Riggs to restock the Powell team in Paria Canyon. Finally, Mangum was able to find the old Escalante trail and follow it down the face of the 2,000-foot cliffs into Paria Canyon to Dellenbaugh and the expedition. The following day the Haight-Riggs party arrived with additional supplies.

Nearly 60 years later, Dellenbaugh praised Powell's Mormon crews as "faithful, agreeable and competent" and recalled Mangum's risky route down the cliffs into Paria Canyon to resupply them. (Dellenbaugh letter to Rose Hicks Hamblin, August 25, 1934, cited in History of Kane County, 51, 52.)

In March 1872, John Mangum was called as a counselor to Bishop Allen Smithson in Pahreah, the small settlement east of Kanab on the Paria River. In April, Mangum accompanied John D. Lee to Jacob's Pools, a key waterhole en route to Lee's Ferry on the Colorado River. They fenced the springs and commenced building the walls of a cabin to serve notice on passing miners of their prior claim to the springs.

In the fall of the same year, Jacob Hamblin took word to John D. Lee to go to Lonely Dell and operate the ferry there. Lee had a herd of cattle he intended to take and Hamblin instructed him to travel from Pahreah via the Paria River. Lee started down through Paria Canyon but had difficulty driving the cattle. John Mangum and Thomas Adair helped Lee in this historic effort and they successfully brought the cattle through to the mouth of the Paria on the Colorado. Later, Lee moved a portion of his family to Lonely Dell.

In the mid-1870s, when the United Order, a community-wide cooperative, was established in Kanab, John Mangum and his son Joseph were appointed the herders of the community herd.

Final Years: Move to Arizona

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Mormon Settlements in Arizona.jpg

Later, like his brother James, Mangum and his family were among those called to Arizona. They joined the stream of Mormon colonizers who pioneered a series of new settlements beginning on the lower Little Colorado River. Gradually they moved upriver in search of more hospitable surroundings.

By the 1880s, Mangum, his brother John, and his brother-in-law, George W. Adair, were in Nutrioso in the pine forests on the flank of the White Mountains in southern Apache County.

The usual hardships of pioneering in southern Utah -- building dams, constructing irrigation ditches, planting, harvesting, heat, drought, crop failure, and dam washouts -- all existed in the Mormon settlements in eastern Arizona, plus several additional hardships: the notorious Hashknife outfit of the Aztec Land and Cattle Company, marauding Apache Indians, the Pleasant Valley War, and the uncertainty of Mormon land titles and claims.

Mangum died in Alpine, Apache County, Arizona in May 1885. He was survived by his second wife and nine children. Their children later settled in Utah, Arizona and New Mexico.

References

Alder and Brooks, A History of Washington County, 29 fn. 11; Bradley, A History of Kane County, 52, 66-67, 69; Bradshaw, ed., Under Dixie Sun, 235; Compton, A Frontier Life, 280-87, 290-91, 315, 339-41, 343, 345-46, 347, 357, 562, fn. 95; Dellenbaugh, A Canyon Voyage, 155-57, 223; Esshom, Pioneers and Prominent Men of Utah, 1022; Gregory, "Journal of Jones, 1871-1872," Utah Historical Quarterly, 16,17 (1948-1949), 106, 108, 112, 250; "Journal of ... Powell, Utah Historical Quarterly, 16-17 (1948-1949), 358 fn. 78; Kelly, "Captain . . . Bishop’s Journal, 1870-1872," Utah Historical Quarterly, 15, 1-4 (1947), 232, 233; Larson, ed., Diary of Charles Lowell Walker, Vol. I, 295-97; Lee, Mormonism Unveiled, 229, 231, 380; Lee Trial transcripts; New.FamilySearch.org; Peterson, Take Up Your Mission, 74 fn. 21; Robinson, ed. History of Kane County, 6, 14, 18, 38, 44, 45, 52, 68, 223, 524; Woodbury, "A History of Southern Utah and Its National Parks, Utah Historical Quarterly, 12/3-4 (Jul.-Oct. 1944), 179; Walker, et al, Massacre at Mountain Meadows, Appendix C, 261.

For full bibliographic information see Bibliography.

External Links

For further information on John Mangum, see:

• http://mountainmeadowsmassacre.org/appendices/appendix-c-the-militiamen
• http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=10357026
• http://myfamilysearch.net/getperson.php?personID=I3436&tree=2005217a

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